David Hume, a Scottish philosopher in the 18th century, is famous for skepticism on the objectivity of causality and validity of moral judgment. But his assertion that causes and effects, "is" and "ought" are distinct and the connections between them are uncertain because of their subjectivity puts the cart before the horse. The fact is that, as the subject encounter uncertain affairs, it must divide them into causes and effects or "is" and "ought" so as to reduce uncertainty.

Is moral value, as some theories of ethics insist, different from economic value? Should the moral value always override the economic value?

What makes merchandise valuable is usefulness and scarcity. Air is useful, but has no value, as anyone can get it easily. Trash is, even if it is very unique and hard to obtain, valueless, as it is useless. What then do both have in common?

Authoritarians are unhappy persons, because they may eat bad meals on splendid plates and, what is more, they even don't know that they are unhappy, thinking they are eating the best meal. The feeling we have toward authoritarians must be not anger but pity.